Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties
Researchers at the University of Warwick have found that the standard British cooking habit of boiling vegetables severely damages the anticancer properties of many Brassica vegetables such as broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower and green cabbage.
Past studies have shown that consumption of Brassica vegetables decreases the risk of cancer. This is because of the high concentration in Brassicas of substances known as glucosinolates which are metabolized to cancer preventive substances known as isothiocyanates. However before this research it was not known how the glucosinolates and isothiocyanates were influenced by storage and cooking of Brassica vegetables.
The researchers, Prof Paul Thornalley from Warwick Medical School at the University of Warwick and Dr Lijiang Song from the University of Warwick’s Department of Chemistry bought Brassica vegetables, (broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower and green cabbage) from a local store and transported them to the laboratory within 30 minutes of purchasing. The effect of cooking on the glucosinolate content of vegetables was then studied by investigating the effects of cooking by boiling, steaming, microwave cooking and stir-fry.
Boiling appeared to have a serious impact on the retention of those important glucosinolate within the vegetables. The loss of total glucosinolate content after boiling for 30 minutes was: broccoli 77%, Brussel sprouts 58%, cauliflower 75% and green cabbage 65%. The boiling of Brassica vegetables for 5 minutes leads to losses of 20 - 30% and for 10 minutes losses of 40 - 50%.
The effects of other cooking methods were investigated: steaming for 0–20 min, microwave cooking for 0–3 min and stir-fry cooking for 0–5 min. All three methods gave no significant loss of total glucosinolate analyte contents over these cooking periods.
Domestic storage of the vegetables at ambient temperature and in a domestic refrigerator showed no significant difference with only minor loss of glucosinolate levels over 7 days.
However the researchers found that storage of fresh vegetables at much lower temperatures such as −85 °C (much lower than for storage in a refrigerator at 4–8 °C) may cause significant loss of glucosinolates up to 33% by fracture of vegetable material during thawing.
The researchers found that preparation of Brassica vegetables had caused only minor reductions in glucosinolate except when they were shredded finely which showed a marked decline of glucosinolate levels with a loss of up to 75% over 6 hours after shredding.
Professor Thornalley said: "If you want to get the maximum benefit from your five portions-a-day vegetable consumption, if you are cooking your vegetables boiling is out. You need to consider stir frying steaming or micro-waving them."Broadcast quality TV footage on this story will be available from a Research-TV VNR available from APTN today Tuesday 15th March , 12:15-12:30 GMT details on how to obtain that footage are available from http://www.research-tv.com/ 024 76 574702.
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For further information please contact:
Professor Paul Thornalley, Warwick Medical School
University of Warwick
024 7696 8594 p.j.thornalley@warwick.ac.uk
Peter Dunn, Press & Media Relations Manager University of Warwick,
Tel: 024 76 523708
07767 655860 p.j.dunn@warwick.ac.uk
Kelly Parkes, Communications Officer, Warwick Medical School
02476 150483, k.e.parkes@warwick.ac.uk
PR29 15th May 2007
